The GAEL provides for a mode of interpretation that finds expansive (but not unlimited) meaning in seemingly simple characters. Zakioan-hiash, as we have seen, is both a name, a word with a specific phonetic realization, and the equivalent of at least one sentence.<\/p>\n
If you’re just joining the discussion, be sure to read these prior posts:<\/p>\n
The equivalence of one character to a sentence is stated in the grammar explanation at the beginning of the first degree on page 20<\/a> in the GAEL: The character Beth \u201ccomprises one simple sentence for its signification.\u201d While its signification can be increased or decreased through connection to other characters, it cannot have more than one sound in combination \u2013 and \u201cEvery character in this alphabet is subject to the above restrictions.\u201d The general principle seems to be that each character is not just a word with a phonetic realization, but an entire sentence in itself.<\/p>\n To explain this element of the GAEL, it isn\u2019t necessary to appeal to Egyptomanic excess. The GAEL explains how it generates meaning not through some mystical abundance of meaning, but in terms of grammar and \u201cconnecting parts of speech.\u201d Something similar had been recently proposed to describe the indigenous languages of North and South America in some of the earliest work on language typology and popularized in some of the same sources noted in the discussion of Champollion. The GAEL, it appears, was attempting to describe a polysynthetic language.<\/p>\n The subdiscipline of linguistic typology attempts to classify the world\u2019s languages according to various structural criteria. The earliest and best known typological framework classifies languages according to the morphological complexity of their words. The vocabulary of some languages might consist almost wholly of words containing only a single morpheme (as in the English word house<\/em>), while another language might have many words built from multiple morphemes (like English clippings<\/em>, with three: clip<\/em> + ing<\/em> + s<\/em>, the last two of which are functional rather than semantic). A polysynthetic language is one whose words incorporate the largest number of morphemes, potentially with multiple nominal and verbal roots and other elements all incorporated into a single word.<\/p>\n The polysynthetic nature of the GAEL can be seen not only in encoding entire sentences in a single word, but also in what appear to be related words (from the second part of the GAEL) such as \u201cBethkee\u201d and \u201cEbethkuaintrieth.\u201d The former is defined as \u201ca place that has been enlarged<\/em>, that has been<\/em> a place of residence; that has been<\/em> a more fruitful garden, has been<\/em> a larger place of happiness; having had<\/em> greater happiness,\u201d while the latter is defined as \u201ca place beyond this earth, a future<\/em> place of existence, a place of residence beyond this earth; the celestial world; the heavenly bodies; the earth in its most sanctified state as it shall be<\/em>; eternity\u201d (page 31<\/a>; emphasis added). What is important here is that these noun constructions carry what to us would be clearly verbal meaning \u2013 in the first case, past time or perfect mood, and futurity in the second. This isn’t typical of English or other well-known languages, so we have to ask again: Where did the idea come from? What was the model for marking noun for tense?<\/p>\n \u00adAt the time the GAEL was written, polysyntheticism and language typology itself had only recently been proposed and they represented something close to the state of the art in contemporary linguistics. In 1819, the American Philological Society had published correspondence between Stephen Du Ponceau<\/a> and John Heckewelder (some of whose work was<\/em> in the Manchester Public Library) on the languages of North and South America.[1]<\/a> Du Ponceau also described his typology of the world\u2019s languages in his extensive preface to his translation of David Zeisberger\u2019s Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians<\/em>, published in Philadelphia in 1827. Du Ponceau proposed that all the languages of North and South American were polysynthetic, a term that Du Ponceau defined as follows:<\/p>\n It is that in which the greatest number of ideas are comprised in the least number of words. This is done principally in two ways. 1. By a mode of compounding locutions which is not confined to joining two words together, as in the Greek, or varying the inflection or termination of a radical word as in the most European languages, but by interweaving together the most significant sounds or syllables of each simple word, so as to form a compound that will awaken in the mind at once all the ideas singly expressed by the words from which they are taken. 2. By an analogous combination the various parts of speech, particularly by means of the verb, so that its various forms and inflections will express not only the principal action, but the greatest possible number of the moral ideas and physical objects connected with it, and will combine itself to the greatest extent with those conceptions which are the subject of other parts of speech, and in other languages require to be expressed by separate and distinct words.[2]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n The GAEL, with its extensive compounds, multiplication of parts of speech and striving to express the greatest possible meaning in few words, would seem to be at home in Du Ponceau\u2019s description of polysynthetic languages. Rather than vague gesturing toward Egyptomania and seventeenth-century ideas about the Egyptian language, we can point specifically to recent, scholarly discussions of Native American languages to find much of the GAEL\u2019s grammatical agenda.<\/p>\n In an earlier exchange, Heckewalder had taken Du Ponceau to task for not yet grasping the expressive possibilities of the polysynthetic indigenous languages of North America: \u201cI perceive you have not yet an adequate idea of the copiousness of the Indian languages, which possess an immense number of comprehensive words, expressive of almost every possible combination of ideas.\u201d[3]<\/a> \u201cComprehensive\u201d was the same term used by Oliver Cowdery to describe the papyri<\/a> in 1835: \u201cThe language in which this record is written is very comprehensive.\u201d<\/p>\n John Heckewelder\u2019s \u201cHistorical Account of the Indian Nations,\u201d printed in the same volume, also praises Native American\u2019s written communication.<\/p>\n The Indians do not possess our art of writing, they have no alphabets, or any mode of representing to the eye the sounds of words spoken, yet they have certain hieroglyphics, by which they describe facts in so plain a manner, that those who are conversant with those marks can understand them with the greatest ease, as easily, indeed, as we can understand a piece of writing.[4]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Du Ponceau even sees in the possibilities of polysynthetic language a certain divine potential, including an imagined recovery of the Adamic language.<\/p>\n To me it would appear that the perfection of language consists in being able to express much in a few words; to raise at once in the mind by a few magic sounds, whole masses of thoughts which strike by a kind of instantaneous intuition. Such in its effects must be the medium by which immortal spirits communicate with each other; such, I should think, were I disposed to indulge in fanciful theories, must have been the language first taught to mankind by the great author of all perfection.[5]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Like news of Champollion\u2019s discoveries, Du Ponceau\u2019s approach to language typology was rapidly popularized. It was noted in the Friend<\/em> in 1831 and in the Encyclopedia Americana<\/em> by 1832.[6]<\/a> It\u2019s noteworthy that Joseph Smith\u2019s appeal to the Green Mountain Boys<\/a>, ghostwritten by W. W. Phelps in 1843, includes a sample of a \u201cWestern Indian\u201d language, which has been identified (plausibly, I think) as Lenape.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n Du Ponceau\u2019s structural categorization of the world\u2019s languages might also explain the GAEL\u2019s five-fold degrees as a system of semantic expansion or augmentation. Du Ponceau begins his system with the least morphologically complex languages, which he terms \u201casyntactic\u201d (but would today be called isolating), continues it with \u201canalytic,\u201d \u201csynthetic,\u201d and \u201cmixed\u201d groups, and concludes with polysynthetic languages as the fifth class. The validity and usefulness of these categories aren\u2019t universally accepted today, but they\u2019re still part of the conceptual toolkit of modern linguistics. Du Ponceau\u2019s five-fold categorization, explicitly numbered one through five and culminating in the expressive complexity of Native American languages, is retained in the popularizing sources as well. The GAEL, it would seem, repurposed this five-fold classification system not to categorize languages, but as a scale of extended meanings within the grammatical system it describes. Five-fold systems of increasing linguistic complexity are uncommon, to say the least, and such a system, recently popularized and with clear potential significance for Joseph Smith\u2019s translation program that connected Hebrew and ancient Egyptian to the indigenous languages of the Americas, offers the most likely candidate for the source of the GAEL\u2019s five-degree system.<\/p>\n Sam Brown and others have noted that the GAEL includes characters with Greek and Hebrew names, which are elements drawn from the scriptural languages.[8]<\/a> Characters from the \u201cSpecimen of Pure Language\u201d make their way into the GAEL as well. We can now extend the GAEL\u2019s multilingual nature by observing that it included grammatical elements drawn from contemporary discussions of Egyptian, Chinese and Native American languages, or the three hieroglyphic languages noted by Moses Stuart in his notes on Greppo.<\/p>\n * * *<\/p>\n That the GAEL is patterned on rather recent and, for its time, quite sound linguistic work does have some implications for how we understand the document. It might point to stronger influence from W. W. Phelps, although it\u2019s impossible to entirely separate Joseph Smith from his associates.<\/p>\n Once during a pandemic-era, Zoom-enabled Mormon Studies discussion, I made the suggestion, not well received, that we don’t need to resort to esotericism as an explanation for Joseph Smith\u2019s various linguistic projects. The GAEL is a clear example of this. The terminology and the categories are linguistic and analytic, not esoteric or mystical. We can find ready parallels in contemporary scholarly treatment of Egyptian and Native American languages and in popular dissemination of scholarly discourse. There is no need to rush to esotericism to explain elements of Joseph Smith\u2019s work on languages when readily available linguistic studies will suffice. To understand the GAEL, look at grammars, not grimoires.<\/p>\n * * *<\/p>\n This discussion of linguistic typology was originally meant to be a fun “Isn’t that a weird connection?” stand-alone post, but I wasn’t satisfied with any of the drafts it went through, and now it’s turned into a 10,000 word (and counting) monstrosity.<\/p>\n This ends the (mostly) observational part of the series, but we’re not done yet. I think next time we’ll take a look at catalyst theories of revelation before getting to the final post, where I’ll try to solve the chicken-and-egg problem and explain what the GAEL is and what it tells us about Joseph Smith and revelation.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Robert Paul, \u201cJoseph Smith and the Manchester (New York) Library,\u201d BYU Studies Quarterly<\/em> 22, no. 3 (July 1, 1982): 338, 349, https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/byusq\/vol22\/iss3\/6.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, \u201cReport to the Committee, on the Languages of the American Indians,\u201d American Philosophical Society, Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committe<\/em> 1 (1819): xxx.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Peter Stephen Du Ponceau and John Heckewelder, \u201cCorrespondence between Mr. Heckewelder and Mr. Duponceau, on the Languages of the American Indians,\u201d American Philosophical Society, Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committe<\/em> 1 (1819): 392.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> John Heckewelder, \u201cAn Account of the History, Manners, and Customs, of the Indian Natives Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbouring States,\u201d American Philosophical Society, Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committe<\/em> 1 (1819): 117.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Du Ponceau and Heckewelder, \u201cCorrespondence between Mr. Heckewelder and Mr. Duponceau,\u201d 417.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> J. R. T., \u201cThe Indian Languages and Pennsylvania History,\u201d The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal<\/em>, May 21, 1831; \u201cPhilology,\u201d in Encyclop\u00e6dia Americana<\/em> (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1832).<\/p>\n
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